Communications device and method of communications

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of a device and method are disclosed. In an embodiment, a method of communications involves allocating communications devices of a wired communications network to clusters, assigning addresses to the clusters, where each communications device within one of the clusters has an identical address, and conducting communications between the communications devices based on the addresses assigned to the clusters.

BACKGROUND

In a communications network with limited resources, it is generallydesirable to have a network technology with reduced communicationscomplexity and efficient power and/or communications bandwidthutilization. For example, in an in-vehicle network (IVN) (e.g., withsensor nodes such as cameras, radars, and/or light detection and ranging(LiDAR) sensors) where power supply and communications bandwidth can belimited and the dimension and cost of network components are typicallyconstrained, a network technology with reduced communications complexityand efficient power and bandwidth utilization can improve networklifetime, reduce power consumption and/or increase communicationsefficiency. However, typical network technology may not be able toprovide reduced communications complexity and efficient power andbandwidth utilization that are suitable for a wide range ofapplications. For example, Ethernet is a well-known network technologyand the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.3Working Group is providing a collection of standards that definephysical layer and data link layer media access control (MAC) for wiredEthernet. However, an Ethernet frame includes a header that containssource and destination MAC addresses, which can cause increasedcommunications complexity and packet overhead. Therefore, there is aneed for a network technology that has reduced communications complexityand efficient power and/or communications bandwidth utilization.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of a device and method are disclosed. In an embodiment, amethod of communications involves allocating communications devices of awired communications network to clusters, assigning addresses to theclusters, where each communications device within one of the clustershas an identical address, and conducting communications between thecommunications devices based on the addresses assigned to the clusters.

In an embodiment, each of the communications devices allocated to eachof the clusters communicates according to a unique communicationsprotocol.

In an embodiment, at least one of the clusters includes at least two ofthe communications devices that communicate according to differentcommunications protocols.

In an embodiment, at least one of the clusters includes an electroniccontrol unit (ECU), and the wired communications network is an IVN.

In an embodiment, allocating the communications devices of the wiredcommunications network to the clusters includes, for each of a pluralityof communications protocols used within the wired communicationsnetwork, determining a total device count of communications device orcommunications devices within the wired communications networkcommunicating according to the same communications protocol.

In an embodiment, allocating the communications devices of the wiredcommunications network to the clusters further includes selecting ahighest device count among the total device counts as the number ofclusters for the wired communications network.

In an embodiment, assigning the addresses to the clusters includesassigning a unique identification number to each of the clusters.

In an embodiment, allocating the communications devices of the wiredcommunications network to the clusters further includes allocating, toeach of the clusters, one communications device that communicatesaccording to a communications protocol with the highest device count.

In an embodiment, allocating the communications devices of the wiredcommunications network to the clusters further includes allocating, toat least one of the clusters, a second communications device thatcommunicates according to a second communications protocol, and thesecond communications protocol is different from the communicationsprotocol with the highest device count.

In an embodiment, conducting communications between the communicationsdevices based on the addresses assigned to the clusters includesreceiving a packet from a first cluster of the clusters at a first portof one of the communications devices, and where a header of the packetincludes an address of a second cluster of the clusters and acommunications protocol according to which a destination communicationsdevice in the second cluster communicates.

In an embodiment, conducting communications between the communicationsdevices based on the addresses assigned to the clusters furtherincludes, based on the communications protocol and a port-to-protocollookup table, transmitting the packet or a payload within the packetfrom the first port to a second port of the one of the communicationsdevices to which the destination communications device is connected.

In an embodiment, conducting communications between the communicationsdevices based on the addresses assigned to the clusters includesconducting communications between the communications devices based onthe addresses assigned to the clusters asymmetrically such thatcommunications in one direction occur at a first rate that is higherthan a second rate at which communications in an opposite directionoccurs.

In an embodiment, a communications device includes ports and at leastone communications unit configured to at a first port of the ports,receive a packet, where a header of the packet includes an address of adestination cluster within a communications network and a communicationsprotocol according to which a destination communications device in thedestination cluster communicates, and, based on the communicationsprotocol and a port-to-protocol lookup table, transmit the packet or apayload within the packet from the first port to a second port of theports to which the destination communications device is connected.

In an embodiment, the at least one communications unit is furtherconfigured to extract the payload within the packet and create a secondpacket in accordance with the communications protocol using the payload.

In an embodiment, a wired communications network includes a wiredtransmission media and communications devices configured to communicatevia the wired transmission media. The communications devices areallocated to a plurality of clusters, wherein each of the communicationsdevices allocated to one of the clusters communicates according to aunique communications protocol, addresses are assigned to the clusters,each communications device within each of the clusters has an identicaladdress, and communications are conducted between the communicationsdevices based on the addresses assigned to the clusters.

In an embodiment, at least one of the clusters includes at least two ofthe communications devices that communicate according to differentcommunications protocols.

In an embodiment, at least one of the clusters includes an ECU of thecommunications devices, and the wired communications network is an IVN.

In an embodiment, at least one of the communications devices isconfigured to, at a first port, receive a packet from a first cluster ofthe clusters, and where a header of the packet includes an address of asecond cluster of the clusters and a communications protocol accordingto which a destination communications device in the second clustercommunicates.

In an embodiment, the at least one of the communications devices isfurther configured to, based on the communications protocol and aport-to-protocol lookup table, transmit the packet or a payload withinthe packet from the first port to a second port of the at least one ofthe communications devices to which the destination communicationsdevice is connected.

In an embodiment, communications is conducted in the wiredcommunications network asymmetrically such that communications in onedirection occur at a first rate that is higher than a second rate atwhich communications in an opposite direction occurs.

Other aspects in accordance with the invention will become apparent fromthe following detailed description, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, illustrated by way of example of the principlesof the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a communications network that includes multiple sensornodes, communications nodes, and electronic control units (ECUs).

FIG. 2 depicts a communications node and an OSI reference model.

FIG. 3 illustrates a tunneling technique of the communications devicedepicted in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 illustrates a packet generation operation that can be performedby the communications device depicted in FIG. 2 using the tunnelingtechnique illustrated in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 depicts a communications network with point-to-point connections.

FIG. 6 depicts a packet that can be used in a point-to-point connectionin accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 depicts a communications network with broadcast connections.

FIG. 8 depicts a packet that can be used in a broadcast connection inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 depicts an example of asymmetrical communications within thecommunications network depicted in FIG. 1.

FIG. 10 depicts an address assignment for the communications networkdepicted in FIG. 1.

FIG. 11 depicts an address assignment for a communications network.

FIG. 12 depicts a port-to-protocol lookup table that can be used forpacket forwarding in the communications network depicted in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a process flow diagram of a method for clustering inaccordance to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 14 depicts some examples of packet counter fields of packets thatcan be used in the communications network depicted in FIG. 11.

FIG. 15 depicts an embodiment of communications nodes depicted in FIG.11.

FIG. 16 is a process flow diagram of a method of communications inaccordance to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 17 is a process flow diagram of a method of communications inaccordance to another embodiment of the invention.

Throughout the description, similar reference numbers may be used toidentify similar elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It will be readily understood that the components of the embodiments asgenerally described herein and illustrated in the appended figures couldbe arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.Thus, the following more detailed description of various embodiments, asrepresented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of thepresent disclosure, but is merely representative of various embodiments.While the various aspects of the embodiments are presented in drawings,the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale unless specificallyindicated.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms withoutdeparting from its spirit or essential characteristics. The describedembodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrativeand not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicatedby the appended claims rather than by this detailed description. Allchanges which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of theclaims are to be embraced within their scope.

Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, orsimilar language does not imply that all of the features and advantagesthat may be realized with the present invention should be or are in anysingle embodiment of the invention. Rather, language referring to thefeatures and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature,advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodimentis included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus,discussions of the features and advantages, and similar language,throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to thesame embodiment.

Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics ofthe invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, in light ofthe description herein, that the invention can be practiced without oneor more of the specific features or advantages of a particularembodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages maybe recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in allembodiments of the invention.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment”, “anembodiment”, or similar language means that a particular feature,structure, or characteristic described in connection with the indicatedembodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the presentinvention. Thus, the phrases “in one embodiment”, “in an embodiment”,and similar language throughout this specification may, but do notnecessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.

FIG. 1 depicts a communications network 100 that includes one or moresensor nodes 104-1, 104-2, . . . , 104-18, one or more communicationsnodes 106-1, 106-2, . . . , 106-10, and one or more electronic controlunits (ECUs) 108-1, 108-2. The communications network can be used invarious applications, such as automotive applications, communicationsapplications, industrial applications, medical applications, computerapplications, and/or consumer or appliance applications. In someembodiments, the communications network is a wired communicationsnetwork and the sensor nodes, the communications nodes, and the ECUscommunicate through electrical cables or wires, which are made ofconductive materials (e.g., metals). For example, the sensor nodes, thecommunications nodes, and the ECUs communicate through one or morecoaxial cables, twisted pair cables, or fiber optic cables. Although theillustrated communications network 100 is shown with certain componentsand described with certain functionality herein, other embodiments ofthe communications network may include fewer or more components toimplement the same, less, or more functionality. For example, thecommunications network may include at least one actuator and/or at leastone display. In another example, in some embodiments, the communicationsnetwork may include more than eighteen sensor nodes or less thaneighteen sensor nodes, more than ten communications nodes or less thanten communications nodes, and/or more than two ECUs or less than twoECUs. In another example, although the sensor nodes, the communicationsnodes, and the ECUs are shown in FIG. 1 as being connected in certaintopology, the network topology of the communications network is notlimited to the topology shown in FIG. 1. Examples of network topologythat can also be used by the communications network includes, withoutbeing limited to, point-to-point, star, bus, ring or circular, mesh,tree, or hybrid. For example, the sensor nodes, the communicationsnodes, and the ECUs can communicate through a communications bus, whichcarries analog differential signals and includes a high bus line and alow bus line, which may be connected between one or more resistors.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, the sensor nodes 104-1, 104-2, . .. , 104-18 are configured to sense environmental or operationalparameters or data, for example, within a vehicle and/or surrounding avehicle. In some embodiments, the sensor nodes are configured to senseenvironmental or operational parameters or data within an automotivesystem (e.g., a vehicle) and/or surrounding an automotive system. Theenvironmental or operational parameters or data gathered by the sensornodes can be in any suitable format. Examples of the sensor nodesinclude, without being limited to, image sensors/cameras, videosensors/cameras, capacitance sensors, inductive sensors, pressuresensors, thermal or temperature sensors (e.g., infrared thermometers),position sensors (e.g., altimeters, gyroscopes, LiDAR sensors),proximity or presence sensors (e.g., motion detectors, radars (e.g.,Doppler radars)), vibration sensors, acoustic sensors, optical sensors,moisture sensors, humidity sensors, fluid property sensors (e.g., flowsensors), voltage sensors, current sensors, and chemical sensors. Insome embodiments, the sensor nodes are automotive sensors, such as airflow meters, air-fuel ratio meters, blind spot monitors, crankshaftposition sensors, engine coolant temperature sensors, hall effectsensors, wheel speed sensors, airbag sensors, automatic transmissionspeed sensors, brake fluid pressure sensors, camshaft or crankshaftposition sensors, cylinder head temperature gauges, engine pressuresensors, exhaust gas temperature sensors, fuel level sensors, fuelpressure sensors, light sensors, oil level sensors, oxygen sensors,radars, speed sensors, throttle position sensors, tire pressure sensors,torque sensors, transmission fluid temperature sensors, turbine speedsensors, variable reluctance sensors, wheel speed sensors, anti-lockbraking system (ABS) sensors and/or battery sensors. Although the sensornodes are illustrated in FIG. 1 as being certain types of sensors (e.g.,cameras C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9, and radars R1, R2, R3,R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9), in other embodiments, the sensor nodes areimplemented as other types of sensors.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, the communications nodes 106-1,106-2, . . . , 106-10 are configured to transmit and receive data. Thedata transmitted and received by the communications nodes can be in anysuitable format. In an embodiment, the data transmitted and received aredata frames. In addition to communication, each of the communicationsnodes may be configured to perform an application such as an automotiveapplication. In some embodiments, at least one of the communicationsnodes is implemented as a switch or a daisy chain node that can beserially connected with other daisy chain node to form a daisy chainnetwork. In the daisy chain network, data is serially transmitted uplinkor downlink through daisy chain nodes. For example, when a first daisychain node receives data from a second daisy chain node, the first daisychain node can forward the received data to a third daisy chain node.Although the communications network is illustrated in FIG. 1 asincluding ten communications nodes, in other embodiments, thecommunications network includes more than ten communications nodes orless than ten communications nodes.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, the ECUs 108-1, 108-2 areconfigured to control one or more devices, such as the sensor nodes104-1, 104-2, . . . , 104-18 and/or the communications nodes 106-1,106-2, . . . , 106-10, and/or process data received from one or moredevices, such as the sensor nodes 104-1, 104-2, . . . , 104-18 and/orthe communications nodes 106-1, 106-2, . . . , 106-10. The ECUs can beused in various applications, such as automotive applications,communications applications, industrial applications, medicalapplications, computer applications, and/or consumer or applianceapplications. In some embodiments, the ECUs 108-1, 108-2 are configuredto control one or more electronic components within an automobile systemsuch as a vehicle. Each ECU may collect data from one or more sensornodes, run application software, control one or more actuators, and/orcommunicate to other ECU via the communication network. In theseembodiments, the ECUs include at least one engine control module (ECM),at least one power train control module (PCM), at least one airbag, atleast one antilock brake, at least one cruise control module, at leastone electric power steering module, at least one audio system module, atleast one window control module, at least one door control module, atleast one mirror adjustment module, and/or at least one battery and/orrecharging system for electrical or hybrid automotive systems. Althoughthe communications network is illustrated in FIG. 1 as including twoECUs, in other embodiments, the communications network includes morethan two ECUs or less than two ECUs.

FIG. 2 illustrates a communications device 210 that can be used in thecommunications network 100. FIG. 2 also depicts the layers of the OSIreference model 240 as well as an expanded view of the physical layerand the data link layer. The communications device depicted in FIG. 2 isan embodiment of the sensor nodes 104-1, 104-2, . . . , 104-18, thecommunications nodes 106-1, 106-2, . . . , 106-10, and/or the ECUs108-1, 108-2 depicted in FIG. 1. However, the sensor nodes, thecommunications nodes, and/or the ECUs depicted in FIG. 1 are not limitedto the embodiment shown in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, the OSI referencemodel includes the physical layer (also referred to as layer 1 or L1),the data link layer (also referred to as layer 2 or L2), the networklayer (also referred to as layer 3 or L3), the transport layer (alsoreferred to as layer 4 or L4), the session layer (also referred to aslayer 5 or L5), the presentation layer (also referred to as layer 6 orL6), and the application layer (also referred to as layer 7 or L7).Elements in the expanded view of the physical layer includemedia-dependent sublayers of a transmission medium or media 202, amedia-dependent interface (MDI) 242, an auto-negotiation layer (AN2)244, a physical medium attachment (PMA) 246, and a physical codingsublayer (PCS) 248, and media-independent sublayers of amedia-independent interface (MII) 250 (e.g., reduced media-independentinterface (RMII), gigabit media-independent interface (GMII), reducedgigabit media-independent interface (RGMII), 10-gigabitmedia-independent interface (XGMII) and serial gigabit media-independentinterface (SGMII), etc., referred to collectively as “xMII”), and areconciliation sublayer 252. In an embodiment, elements of the PCS, PMA,and AN2 are included in a physical layer chip, often referred to as a“PHY chip” and or simply as a “PHY” as indicated in FIG. 2. Elements inthe expanded view of the data link layer include a media access control(MAC) layer 254, an optional MAC control layer 256, and a logical linkcontrol (LLC) 258, or other MAC client layer. Higher layers 260 may beimplemented above the data link layer.

FIG. 3 illustrates a tunneling technique of the communications device210 depicted in FIG. 2. As illustrated in FIG. 3, an adaptation layer320 within the communications device 210 allows data in differentprotocol formats to tunnel through the communications device bygenerating packets for all supported protocol formats. In someembodiments, the adaptation layer fragments each received data frame orpacket if necessary, assigns a protocol type for each fragment, andassigns a packet counter field start and end value to each protocoltype. In some embodiments, the functionality of the adaptation layer isimplemented in hardware (e.g., circuits), software, firmware, or acombination thereof. Examples of protocol formats that can be supportedby the adaption layer include, without being limited to, Camera SerialInterface (CSI), Camera Serial Interface 2 (CSI-2), Inter-integratedCircuit (I2C) Protocol, Ethernet, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI),general-purpose input/output (GPIO), and Display Serial Interface (DSI).Transport layer 322 forwards packets from the adaptation layer to thedata link layer. Data link layer 324 checks for error in receivedpackets and establishes a communications links with a partner deviceusing, for example, Start of Packet (SoP) and End of Packet (EoP)signals. Physical layer 326 transmits and receives data from otherdevices.

FIG. 4 illustrates a packet generation operation that can be performedby the communications device 210 depicted in FIG. 2 using the tunnelingtechnique illustrated in FIG. 3. As illustrated in FIG. 4, payload 424of a data structure 428 (also includes a header 422 and a tail section426) that is transmitted, generated, and/or encoded according to acertain protocol (e.g., in a certain protocol format) is packaged into apacket 430 with a header 432 and a tail section 436. Examples ofinformation that can be included in the header or the tail sectioninclude, without being limited to, protocol type information, addressinformation, packet counter, priority information and error-detectingcode (e.g., cyclic redundancy check (CRC)). For example, each payloadsegment, payload_1, payload_2, payload_3, . . . , or payload_N (where Nis an integer greater than 1) of the data structure 428 (e.g., a frameaccording to CSI-2, I2C, Ethernet, SPI, GPIO, or DSI), is re-packaged bythe adaptation layer 320 with the header 432 and the tail section 436 togenerate the packet 430. At the data link layer 324, SoP and EoP valuesare inserted into the packet 430 that is generated by the adaptationlayer.

Although the sensor nodes 104-1, 104-2, . . . , 104-18, thecommunications nodes 106-1, 106-2, . . . , 106-10, and the ECUs 108-1,108-2 of the communications network 100 are shown in FIG. 1 as beingconnected in a mesh type topology, the network topology of thecommunications network 100 is not limited to the topology shown inFIG. 1. In some embodiments, two of sensor nodes, communications nodes,and/or ECUs are connected by a point-to-point connection without anyintervening device. The header of a packet may contain packet typeinformation that indicates a network connection in which the packet isused. In some embodiments, the header of a packet contains packet typeinformation that indicates a point-to-point connection in which thepacket is used. For example, packet type information may indicate that apacket is used for communications between a sensor node and acommunications node. When a packet is used for communications in apoint-to-point connection, the source node and the destination node areknown to each other. Consequently, address information (e.g., a sourceaddress and/or a destination address) is not required in the header ofthe packet. When the header of the packet does not include addressinformation (e.g., a source address and/or a destination address), thesize of the packet and communications overhead is reduced and, as aresult, power consumption for packet communications is reduced.

FIG. 5 depicts a communications network 500 that includes sensor nodes504-1, 504-2, 504-3, 504-4, and ECUs 508-1, 508-2, 508-3, 508-4 that areconnected to the sensor nodes by point-to-point connections 518-1,518-2, 518-3, 518-4. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5, each of thesensor nodes 504-1, 504-2, 504-3, 504-4 is connected to thecorresponding ECU 508-1, 508-2, 508-3, or 508-4 in the point-to-pointconnection 518-1, 518-2, 518-3, or 518-4, respectively.

FIG. 6 depicts a packet 630 that can be used in a point-to-pointconnection in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Asdepicted in FIG. 6, the packet includes a header 632, a payload 634, anda tail section 636. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, the header ofthe packet does not include address information (e.g., a source addressand/or a destination address) because the source node and thedestination node are known to each other. Consequently, the size of thepacket and communications overhead is reduced and, as a result, powerconsumption for packet communications is reduced. For example, thepacket may be used for communications between a sensor node and acorresponding ECU (e.g., in the point-to-point connection 518-1 betweenthe sensor node 504-1 and the ECU 508-1, the point-to-point connection518-2 between the sensor node 504-2 and the ECU 508-2, thepoint-to-point connection 518-3 between the sensor node 504-3 and theECU 508-3, or the point-to-point connection 518-4 between the sensornode 504-4 and the ECU 508-4 depicted in FIG. 5), and the source nodeand the destination node are known to each other. As depicted in FIG. 6,the header includes a packet type data field 640-1 that indicates anetwork connection in which the packet is used, a priority data field640-2 that indicates a priority level of the packet, a reserved datafield 640-3, a protocol type data field 640-4 that indicates a protocolaccording to which the packet is transmitted, and a packet counter datafield 640-5 that indicates a packet counter value or a packet sequencevalue. In some embodiments, the packet counter data field can be used asa timestamp from a transmitting device or to determine if a particularpacket is lost. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, the packet typedata field has a size of one bit. For example, a packet type value of 0indicates that the packet is used in a point-to-point connection while apacket type value of 1 indicates that the packet is used in apoint-to-multipoint connection or a broadcast connection. In anotherexample, a packet type value of 1 indicates that the packet is used in apoint-to-point connection while a packet type value of 0 indicates thatthe packet is used in a point-to-multipoint connection or a broadcastconnection. Although the packet type data field is shown in FIG. 6 ashaving a size of one bit, in other embodiments, the packet type datafield has a size of more than one bit. The payload includes payload dataof M bytes (M being an integer greater than one) although one byte orless payload is also possible. The tail section 636 includes CRC 638 ofone or more bits.

In some embodiments, the header of a packet contains packet typeinformation that indicates a broadcast connection or apoint-to-multipoint connection in which the packet is used. For example,packet type information may indicate that a packet is used forcommunications between different communications nodes (e.g., between thecommunications node 106-1 and the communications node 106-2) or betweena communication node and an ECU (e.g., between the communications node106-2 and the communications node 108-1). When a packet is used forcommunications in a broadcast connection or a point-to-multipointconnection, the source node and the destination node are not known toeach other and the header of the packet includes address information(e.g., a source address and/or a destination address).

FIG. 7 depicts a communications network 700 that includes sensor nodes704-1, 704-2, . . . , 704-7, a communications node 706, and ECUs 708-1,708-2 that are connected by broadcast connections. In the embodimentdepicted in FIG. 7, the ECU 708-1 is connected to the sensor nodes704-1, 704-2, the communications node 706, and the ECU 708-2 throughconnections 718-1, 718-2, 718-3, 718-4, respectively. The ECU 708-2 isconnected to the sensor nodes 704-5, 704-6, 704-7 and the ECU 708-1through connections 718-4, 718-5, 718-6, 718-7, respectively.

FIG. 8 depicts a packet 830 that can be used in a broadcast connectionor a point-to-multipoint connection in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention. As depicted in FIG. 8, the packet 830 includes a header832, a payload 834, and a tail section 836. In the embodiment depictedin FIG. 8, the header of the packet includes an address data field 840-6that contains address information (e.g., a source address and/or adestination address) to indicate a source and/or a destination of thepacket. For example, the packet may be used for communications in anetwork with broadcast connections (e.g., in the connections 718-1,718-2, . . . , 718-7 depicted in FIG. 7). As depicted in FIG. 8, theheader includes a packet type data field 840-1 that indicates a networkconnection in which the packet is used, a priority data field 840-2 thatindicates priority of the packet, a reserved data field 840-3, aprotocol type data field 840-4 that indicates a protocol under which thepacket is transmitted, and a packet counter data field 840-5 thatindicates a packet counter value or a packet sequence value. In someembodiments, the packet counter data field can be used as a timestampfrom a transmitting device or to determine if a particular packet islost. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 8, the packet type data fieldhas a size of one bit. For example, a packet type value of 0 indicatesthat the packet is used in a point-to-point connection while a packettype value of 1 indicates that the packet is used in apoint-to-multipoint connection or a broadcast connection. In anotherexample, a packet type value of 1 indicates that the packet is used in apoint-to-point connection while a packet type value of 0 indicates thatthe packet is used in a point-to-multipoint connection or a broadcastconnection. Although the packet type data field is shown in FIG. 8 ashaving a size of one bit, in other embodiments, the packet type datafield has a size of more than one bit. The payload includes payload dataof M bytes (M being an integer greater than one) although one byte orless payload is also possible. The tail section 836 includes CRC 638 ofone or more bits.

Communications between the sensor nodes 104-1, 104-2, . . . , 104-18,the communications nodes 106-1, 106-2, . . . , 106-10, and the ECUs108-1, 108-2 can be characterized as “symmetrical” or “asymmetrical.” Insymmetrical communications, both communications devices transmit andreceive data at the same data rate. For example, in an Ethernet-basedpoint-to-point network both communications devices transmit and receiveat, for example, 10 Gbps. In asymmetrical communications, communicationsin one direction, e.g., on the forward channel, occur at a higher ratethan in the other direction, e.g., on the backward channel. For example,a high data rate is needed from one of the sensor nodes to acorresponding communications node or a corresponding ECU (e.g., theforward channel) but a much lower data rate is needed from acorresponding communications node or a corresponding ECU to one of thesensor nodes (e.g., the backward channel). An example use case forasymmetrical communications in an IVN may be a camera (e.g., a backupcamera), where a high data rate is needed from the camera to acontrol/display ECU (e.g., the forward channel) but a much lower datarate is needed from the control/display ECU to the camera (e.g., thebackward channel). For example, a high data rate is needed from thecamera, C1, to the communication node 106-1 (e.g., the forward channelof a communications link 118-1) but a much lower data rate is neededfrom the communication node 106-1 to the camera, C1, (e.g., the backwardchannel of the communications link 118-1) and a high data rate is neededfrom the communication node 106-2 to the ECU 108-1 (e.g., the forwardchannel of a communications link 118-2) but a much lower data rate isneeded from the ECU 108-1 to the communication node 106-2 (e.g., thebackward channel of the communications link 118-2). Another example usecase for asymmetrical communications in an IVN may be a LiDAR sensor ora radar, where a high data rate is needed from the LiDAR sensor or theradar to a control/display ECU (e.g., the forward channel) but a muchlower data rate is needed from the control/display ECU to the LiDARsensor or the radar (e.g., the backward channel). For example, a highdata rate is needed from the radar, R1, to the communication node 106-3(e.g., the forward channel of a communications link 118-3) but a muchlower data rate is needed from the communication node 106-3 to theradar, R1, (e.g., the backward channel of the communications link 118-3)and a high data rate is needed from the communication node 106-3 to theECU 108-3 (e.g., the forward channel of a communications link 118-4) buta much lower data rate is needed from the ECU 108-2 to the communicationnode 106-3, (e.g., the backward channel of the communications link118-4).

FIG. 9 depicts an example of asymmetrical communications over atransmission medium 902 between communication devices 910A, 910B. Thecommunication devices 910A, 910B depicted in FIG. 9 are embodiments ofthe sensor nodes 104-1, 104-2, . . . , 104-18, the communications nodes106-1, 106-2, . . . , 106-10, and/or the ECUs 108-1, 108-2 depicted inFIG. 1. However, the sensor nodes, the communications nodes, and/or theECUs depicted in FIG. 1 is not limited to the embodiment shown in FIG.9. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 9, the communication device 910Aincludes a packet generation unit 916A, a transmitter 912A and areceiver 914A, while the communication device 910B includes a packetgeneration unit 916B, a transmitter 912B and a receiver 914B. In someembodiments, the packet generation units 916A, 916B are implemented inhardware (e.g., circuits), software, firmware, or a combination thereof.In an embodiment, at least one of the packet generation units 916A, 916Bis implemented within a processor, such as a microcontroller, a hostprocessor, a host, a digital signal processor (DSP), or a centralprocessing unit (CPU). In some embodiments, at least one of thetransmitters 912B, 912A and the receivers 914A, 914B is included withinthe PHY layer module of the communications device 910A or 910B. Althoughthe communication devices 910A, 910B are depicted in FIG. 9 as beingused for asymmetrical communications, in other embodiments, thecommunication devices 910A, 910B or at least some components (e.g., thepacket generation units 916A, 916B, the transmitters 912B, 912A and/orthe receivers 914A, 914B) of the communication devices 910A, 910B can beused for symmetrical communications. In the example of FIG. 9, theforward channel communicates at a higher data rate than the backwardchannel, e.g., 1 Gbps on the forward channel and 50 Mbps on the backwardchannel. In the example of FIG. 9, the capability of the transmitters912B, 912A and the receivers 914A, 914B of the communication devices910A, 910B in terms of data rate is represented by the differentrelative sizes of the transmitters and receivers. In particular, thetransmitter 912A and the receiver 914B, which support the forwardchannel, are a first size and the transmitter 912B and the receiver914A, which support the backward channel, are a second, smaller, size.In an example configuration as shown in FIG. 9, it is often the casethat the lower speed receiver, e.g., receiver 914A, is less complex thanthe higher speed receiver, e.g., receiver 914B. For example, the lesscomplex receiver may include less complex signal processing blocksand/or the scale of the signal processing blocks may be smaller tosupport a lower data rate. In an embodiment, receiver complexity can becharacterized by factors such as: 1) the number of taps of the equalizerand/or echo canceller (e.g., as the data rate increases, the number oftaps also increases, which results in a near exponential increase inhardware complexity); 2) a higher data rate typically requires a highsampling clock rate for the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), whichrequires more silicon area and more power consumption; 3) a higher datarate typically corresponds to a greater susceptibility to noise andinterference, which typically requires additionally processingcapability to implement error correction; and/or 4) a higher data ratetypically requires more complex digital signal processing blocks torecover data at an acceptable bit error rate.

In some embodiments, each of the packet generation units 916A, 916B isconfigured to generate a data packet for communications in a wiredcommunications network. The data packet may include a header and apayload, and the header may include packet type information thatindicates a network connection (e.g., the forward channel or thebackward channel) within the wired communications network in which thepacket is used. In these embodiments, the transmitters 912B, 912A areconfigured to transmit generated packets through the network connection.The packet type information may indicate that the packet is used in apoint-to-point network connection within the wired communicationsnetwork or a point-to-multipoint connection within the wiredcommunications network. In some embodiments, the packet type informationindicates that the packet is used in the point-to-point networkconnection within the wired communications network, and the headerincludes no address information associated with the packet. In someother embodiments, the packet type information indicates that the packetis used in the point-to-multipoint network connection within the wiredcommunications network, and the header includes address informationassociated with the packet. For example, the address informationassociated with the packet includes a source address of the packetand/or a destination address of the packet. In some embodiments, thepacket type information is stored in a packet type data field of theheader, and the packet type data field has a size of a single bit. Theheader may further include protocol type information that indicates acommunications protocol according to which the packet is transmitted,priority information that indicates a priority level of the packet,and/or network cluster information that indicates to which networkcluster within the wired communications network the packet istransmitted (e.g., each communications device allocated to the networkcluster communicates according to a unique communications protocol). Insome embodiments, the network connection is an asymmetrical connectionsuch that communications in a first direction (e.g., the forwardchannel) of the network connection occur at a first rate that is higherthan a second rate at which communications in a second direction (e.g.,the backward channel) of the network connection occurs, and the firstdirection is opposite to the second direction.

In some embodiments, each of the sensor nodes 104-1, 104-2, . . . ,104-18 and the ECUs 108-1, 108-2 depicted in FIG. 1 is assigned a uniqueaddress. However, in these embodiments, the communications nodes 106-1,106-2, . . . , 106-10 are not assigned addresses because thecommunications nodes are intermediary nodes in communications and arenot destination nodes in communications. FIG. 10 depicts such an addressassignment for the communications network 100 depicted in FIG. 1. In theembodiment depicted in FIG. 10, the eighteen sensor nodes 104-1, 104-2,. . . , 104-18 communicate according to various communicationsprotocols, such as, Universal Serial Bus (USB), xMII, CSI,High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and are assigned eighteenunique addresses. The ECUs 108-1, 108-2 communicate according to xMIIand DSI protocols and are assigned two unique addresses. However,protocols according to which the sensor nodes and the ECUs communicateare not limited to the protocols shown in FIG. 10. In total, thecommunications network has twenty unique addresses ADR-1, ADR-2, . . . ,ADR-20, and, consequently, each data packet needs an address field of atleast five bits in the header.

Reducing the size of an address field in a packet header can reducecommunications overhead, and consequently, can reduce power consumptionin a communications network. For example, in a communications network(e.g., an IVN) where power supply and communications bandwidth arelimited, reducing the address field in a packet header is important tothe operation of the communications network. In some embodiments, sensornodes, communications nodes, and/or ECUs of a communications network areassigned to different clusters in which each cluster has a uniqueaddress. For example, sensor nodes and ECUs of a communications networkare assigned to different clusters in which each cluster has a uniqueaddress. Compared to an address assignment scheme in which each sensornode or ECU is assigned a unique address, clustering sensor nodes andECUs into different clusters can reduce the number of unique addressesrequired for communications and can reduce power consumption in acommunications network. FIG. 11 depicts an address assignment for acommunications network 1100. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 11, thecommunications network 1100 include sensor nodes C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6,C7, C8, C9, C9, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9, communicationsnodes 1106-1, 1106-2, . . . , 1106-10, and ECUs 1108-1, 1108-2. Thesensor nodes, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C9, R1, R2, R3, R4,R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9, communicate according to various communicationsprotocols, such as, USB, xMII, CSI, HDMI and are assigned to sixdifferent clusters 1180-1, 1180-2, 1180-3, 1180-6, 1180-7, 1180-8 inwhich sensor nodes in each cluster has the same unique address. In theembodiment depicted in FIG. 11, each of these clusters contains sensornodes that communicate according to different protocols and each clusterdoes not contain two or more sensors that communicate according to thesame protocol. For example, the cluster 1180-1 has an address of x10 andcontains sensor nodes, C2, C3, R1, R3 that communicate according to USB,HDMI, xMII, and CSI protocols, respectively, the cluster 1180-2 has anaddress of x20 and contains sensor nodes, C1, C4, R2, that communicateaccording to xMII, HDMI, and CSI protocols, respectively, the cluster1180-3 has an address of x30 and contains sensor nodes, C5, R8, thatcommunicate according to CSI and HDMI protocols, respectively, thecluster 1180-6 has an address of x60 and contains sensor nodes, C7, R7,that communicate according to xMII and CSI protocols, respectively, thecluster 1180-7 has an address of x70 and contains sensor nodes, C6, C8,R4, R6 that communicate according to CSI, xMII, HDMI, and USB protocols,respectively, and the cluster 1180-8 has an address of x10 and containssensor nodes, C9, R5, R9 that communicate according to xMII, USB, andCSI protocols, respectively. In some embodiments, a cluster may containonly one sensor node. In some embodiments, a sensor node is assigned aunique address if the sensor node does not belong to a cluster. The ECUs1108-1, 1108-2 communicate according to xMII and CSI protocols and areassigned to two clusters. For example, the ECU 1108-1 is included incluster 1180-4 and has an address of x40 and communicates accordingxMII, and CSI protocols through different ports, and the ECU 1108-2 isincluded in cluster 1180-5 and has an address of x50 and communicatesaccording xMII, and CSI protocols through different port. However,protocols according to which the sensor nodes and the ECUs communicateand the cluster assignment of the sensor nodes, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6,C7, C8, C9, C9, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9, and the ECUs1108-1, 1108-2 are not limited to the protocols and the clusterassignment shown in FIG. 11. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 11, thecommunications network includes eight clusters with eight uniqueaddresses, and, consequently, each data packet needs an address field ofat least three bits in the header. In the address assignment schemedescribed with reference to FIG. 10, each data packet needs an addressfield of at least five bits in the header. Comparing to an addresstechnique that assigns a unique address to each sensor node and eachECUs, clustering sensor nodes and ECUs into different clusters andassigning unique addresses to the clusters can reduce the size of theaddress field in each data packet. Consequently, clustering sensor nodesand ECUs into different clusters and assigning unique addresses to theclusters can reduce power consumption in the communications network.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 11, each of the communications nodes1106-1, 1106-2, . . . , 1106-10 includes multiple ports, (a), (b), (c),(d), which are connected to corresponding sensor nodes through differentprotocols (e.g., CSI, xMII, HDMI, and USB). Each time a packet isreceived at a communication node through a specific port, thecommunication node decides to which port that the received packet isforwarded. In some embodiments, the communication node decides to whichport that the received packet is forwarded using a port-to-protocollookup table.

FIG. 12 depicts a port-to-protocol lookup table 1200 that can be usedfor packet forwarding in the communications network 1100 depicted inFIG. 11. For example, the port-to-protocol lookup table can be used bythe communications node 1106-1 depicted in FIG. 11. As depicted in FIG.12, the port-to-protocol lookup table contains protocols entries forfour communications ports, port(a), port(b), port(c), port(d).Specifically, the communications protocol according to which data istransmitted through port(a) is CSI, the communications protocolaccording to which data is transmitted through port(b) is USB, and thecommunications protocol according to which data is transmitted throughport(c) is HDMI. Port(d) is connected to other communications node(e.g., the communications node 1106-2 in FIG. 12).

In an example of the operation of the communications network 1100depicted in FIG. 11, the ECU 1108-1 in cluster 1180-4 transmits a datapacket to the sensor node, R3, in cluster 1180-1. Specifically, the ECU1108-1 sends a packet with a destination address x10 in an address fieldwithin the header of the packet and a protocol type of CSI in a packetprotocol data field within the header of the packet. The ECU 1108-1checks its port-to-protocol lookup table and transmits the packet fromport(b). The data arrives at port(c) of the communications node 1106-2.The communications nodes 1106-1, 1106-2 know which protocols areattached to which ports based on their port-to-protocol lookup tables(e.g., the port-to-protocol lookup table 1200 depicted in FIG. 12).Consequently, the communications node 1106-2 forwards the packet to thecommunications node 1106-1. The communications node 1106-1 forwards thepacket to the sensor node, R3, in cluster 1180-1 through port(a).

FIG. 13 is a process flow diagram of a method for clustering or networkpartition in accordance to an embodiment of the invention. According tothe method, at block 1302, for each communications protocol used withina communications network, a total device count of communications deviceor communications devices within the communications networkcommunicating according to the same communications protocol isdetermined. For example, in the communications network 1100 depicted inFIG. 11, the total number of communications devices communicateaccording to HDMI is four, the total number of communications devicescommunicate according to CSI is eight, the total number ofcommunications devices communicate according to USB is three, and thetotal number of communications devices communicate according to xMII isseven. At block 1304, the highest device count among the total devicecounts is selected as the number of clusters for the communicationsnetwork. For example, in the communications network 1100 depicted inFIG. 11, the total number of communications devices communicateaccording to CSI is eight, which is higher than the total number ofcommunications devices communicate according to HDMI, the total numberof communications devices communicate according to USB, and the totalnumber of communications devices communicate according to xMII, and thetotal number of clusters is eight. One communications device thatcommunicates according to a communications protocol with the highestdevice count is allocated to each of the clusters. For example, in thecommunications network 1100 depicted in FIG. 11, the sensor nodes R3,R2, C5, R7, C6, and R9 are allocated to clusters 1180-1, 1180-2, 1180-3,1180-6, 1180-7, 1180-8, respectively, while the ECU 1108-1, 1108-2 areallocated to clusters 1180-4, 1180-5, respectively. At block 1006,device(s) of other protocols is/are allocated or assigned to eachcluster such that the same protocol shall not be assigned twice in thesame cluster. For example, in the communications network 1100 depictedin FIG. 11, each cluster includes devices that communications accordingto different protocols. At block 1308, a unique identification number isassigned to each cluster, and can be used as the address of the cluster.

In some embodiments, in order to distinguish streams of same protocolsfrom multiple clusters, the packet counter field of a packet is assigneda unique packet counter field range. FIG. 14 depicts some examples ofpacket counter fields PCF_1, PCF-2, PCF-3 of packets that can be used inthe communications network 1100 depicted in FIG. 14. For example,cluster 1180-1 has a packet counter field PCF-1 that starts from 0 to10, cluster 1180-2 has a packet counter field PCF-2 that starts from 11to 20, and cluster 1180-3 has a packet counter field PCF-3 that startsfrom 21 to 30. Once a communications node receives a packet, thecommunications node investigates the packet counter field to identify acluster from which the packet is received. Using a combination of packettype, packet counter, and address, a communications node can identifythe origin and destination of a data stream.

FIG. 15 depicts a communications node 1506, which is an embodiment ofthe communications nodes 1106-1, 1106-2, . . . , 1106-10 depicted inFIG. 11. However, the communications nodes 1106-1, 1106-2, . . . ,1106-10 depicted in FIG. 11 are not limited to the embodiment shown inFIG. 15. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 15, the communications node1506 includes three ports, A, B, C, and three communications units1590-1, 1590-2, 1590-3 for the three ports, A, B, C. However, the numberof ports of the communications node is not limited to three. In someembodiments, the communications units are implemented in hardware (e.g.,circuits), software, firmware, or a combination thereof. In theembodiment depicted in FIG. 15, the communications unit 1590-1 includesan adaption layer 1520 that is configured to adapt data of differentprotocols into a universal format and a transport layer 1532 with aport-to-cluster look-up table 1592. The communications unit 1590-2includes a receiver 1514A, a transmitter 1512A, a physical mediumattachment (PMA) 1546A, a physical coding sublayer (PCS) 1548A, and adata link unit 1568A configured to perform data link layer function. Thecommunications unit 1590-3 includes a receiver 1514B, a transmitter1512B, a PMA 1546B, a PCS 1548B, and a data link unit 1568B configuredto perform data link layer function. In some embodiments, thecommunications unit 1590-2 or 1590-3 is configured to receive a packetat a first port, where a header of the packet includes an address of adestination cluster within a communications network and a communicationsprotocol according to which a destination communications device in thedestination cluster communicates, and based on the communicationsprotocol and a port-to-protocol lookup table, transmit the packet or apayload within the packet from the first port to a second port to whichthe destination communications device is connected. In some embodiments,the communications unit 1590-1 is configured to extract the payloadwithin the packet and create a second packet in accordance with thecommunications protocol using the payload.

FIG. 16 is a process flow diagram of a method of communications inaccordance to an embodiment of the invention. According to the method,at block 1602, communications devices of a wired communications networkare allocated to clusters. At block 1604, addresses are assigning to theclusters, where each communications device within one of the clustershas an identical address. At block 1606, communications are conductedbetween the communications devices based on the addresses assigned tothe clusters. The communications devices may be similar to, the same as,or a component of the sensor nodes 104-1, 104-2, . . . , 104-18 and/orthe ECUs 108-1, 108-2 depicted in FIG. 1, the communications device 210depicted in FIG. 2, the communication devices 910A, 910B depicted inFIG. 9, and/or the sensor nodes, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C9,R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9, and/or ECUs 1108-1, 1108-2depicted in FIG. 11.

FIG. 17 is a process flow diagram of a method of communications inaccordance to another embodiment of the invention. According to themethod, at block 1702, a packet for communications in a wiredcommunications network is generated, where the packet includes a headerand a payload, and where the header includes packet type informationthat indicates a network connection within the wired communicationsnetwork in which the packet is used. At block 1704, the packet istransmitted through the network connection. The wired communicationsnetwork may be similar to, the same as, or a component of thecommunications network 100 depicted in FIG. 1 and/or the communicationsnetwork 1100 depicted in FIG. 11.

Although the operations of the method(s) herein are shown and describedin a particular order, the order of the operations of each method may bealtered so that certain operations may be performed in an inverse orderor so that certain operations may be performed, at least in part,concurrently with other operations. In another embodiment, instructionsor sub-operations of distinct operations may be implemented in anintermittent and/or alternating manner.

It should also be noted that at least some of the operations for themethods described herein may be implemented using software instructionsstored on a computer useable storage medium for execution by a computer.As an example, an embodiment of a computer program product includes acomputer useable storage medium to store a computer readable program.

The computer-useable or computer-readable storage medium can be anelectronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, orsemiconductor system (or apparatus or device). Examples ofnon-transitory computer-useable and computer-readable storage mediainclude a semiconductor or solid-state memory, magnetic tape, aremovable computer diskette, a random-access memory (RAM), a read-onlymemory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk, and an optical disk. Currentexamples of optical disks include a compact disk with read only memory(CD-ROM), a compact disk with read/write (CD-R/W), and a digital videodisk (DVD).

Alternatively, embodiments of the invention may be implemented entirelyin hardware or in an implementation containing both hardware andsoftware elements. In embodiments which use software, the software mayinclude but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode,etc.

Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described andillustrated, the invention is not to be limited to the specific forms orarrangements of parts so described and illustrated. The scope of theinvention is to be defined by the claims appended hereto and theirequivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of communications, the methodcomprising: allocating a plurality of communications devices of a wiredcommunications network to a plurality of clusters; assigning a pluralityof addresses to the clusters, wherein each communications device withinone of the clusters has an identical address; and conductingcommunications between the communications devices based on the addressesassigned to the clusters.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of thecommunications devices allocated to each of the clusters communicatesaccording to a unique communications protocol.
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein at least one of the clusters comprises at least two of thecommunications devices that communicate according to differentcommunications protocols.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein at least oneof the clusters comprises an electronic control unit (ECU), and whereinthe wired communications network is an in-vehicle network (IVN).
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein allocating the communications devices of thewired communications network to the clusters comprises, for each of aplurality of communications protocols used within the wiredcommunications network, determining a total device count ofcommunications device or communications devices within the wiredcommunications network communicating according to the samecommunications protocol.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein allocatingthe communications devices of the wired communications network to theclusters further comprises selecting a highest device count among thetotal device counts as the number of clusters for the wiredcommunications network.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein assigning theaddresses to the clusters comprises assigning a unique identificationnumber to each of the clusters.
 8. The method of claim 6, whereinallocating the communications devices of the wired communicationsnetwork to the clusters further comprises allocating, to each of theclusters, one communications device that communicates according to acommunications protocol with the highest device count.
 9. The method ofclaim 8, wherein allocating the communications devices of the wiredcommunications network to the clusters further comprises allocating, toat least one of the clusters, a second communications device thatcommunicates according to a second communications protocol, and whereinthe second communications protocol is different from the communicationsprotocol with the highest device count.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein conducting communications between the communications devicesbased on the addresses assigned to the clusters comprises receiving apacket from a first cluster of the clusters at a first port of one ofthe communications devices, and wherein a header of the packet comprisesan address of a second cluster of the clusters and a communicationsprotocol according to which a destination communications device in thesecond cluster communicates.
 11. The method of claim 10, whereinconducting communications between the communications devices based onthe addresses assigned to the clusters further comprises, based on thecommunications protocol and a port-to-protocol lookup table,transmitting the packet or a payload within the packet from the firstport to a second port of the one of the communications devices to whichthe destination communications device is connected.
 12. The method ofclaim 1, wherein conducting communications between the communicationsdevices based on the addresses assigned to the clusters comprisesconducting communications between the communications devices based onthe addresses assigned to the clusters asymmetrically such thatcommunications in one direction occur at a first rate that is higherthan a second rate at which communications in an opposite directionoccurs.
 13. A communications device comprising: a plurality of ports;and at least one communications unit configured to: at a first port ofthe ports, receive a packet, wherein a header of the packet comprises anaddress of a destination cluster within a communications network and acommunications protocol according to which a destination communicationsdevice in the destination cluster communicates; and based on thecommunications protocol and a port-to-protocol lookup table, transmitthe packet or a payload within the packet from the first port to asecond port of the ports to which the destination communications deviceis connected.
 14. The communications device of claim 13, wherein the atleast one communications unit is further configured to: extract thepayload within the packet; and create a second packet in accordance withthe communications protocol using the payload.
 15. A wiredcommunications network comprising: a wired transmission media; and aplurality of communications devices configured to communicate via thewired transmission media, wherein the communications devices areallocated to a plurality of clusters, wherein each of the communicationsdevices allocated to one of the clusters communicates according to aunique communications protocol, wherein a plurality of addresses areassigned to the clusters, wherein each communications device within eachof the clusters has an identical address, and wherein communications areconducted between the communications devices based on the addressesassigned to the clusters.
 16. The wired communications network of claim15, wherein at least one of the clusters comprises at least two of thecommunications devices that communicate according to differentcommunications protocols.
 17. The wired communications network of claim15, wherein at least one of the clusters comprises an electronic controlunit (ECU) of the communications devices, and wherein the wiredcommunications network is an in-vehicle network (IVN).
 18. The wiredcommunications network of claim 15, wherein at least one of thecommunications devices is configured to, at a first port, receive apacket from a first cluster of the clusters, and wherein a header of thepacket comprises an address of a second cluster of the clusters and acommunications protocol according to which a destination communicationsdevice in the second cluster communicates.
 19. The wired communicationsnetwork of claim 18, wherein the at least one of the communicationsdevices is further configured to, based on the communications protocoland a port-to-protocol lookup table, transmit the packet or a payloadwithin the packet from the first port to a second port of the at leastone of the communications devices to which the destinationcommunications device is connected.
 20. The wired communications networkof claim 15, wherein communications is conducted in the wiredcommunications network asymmetrically such that communications in onedirection occur at a first rate that is higher than a second rate atwhich communications in an opposite direction occurs.